Speech Synthesis And Recognition Holmes Pdf Viewer
Speech Synthesis and Recognition 1 Introduction Now that we have looked at some essential linguistic concepts, we can return to NLP. Computerized processing of speech comprises. speech synthesis. speech recognition. One particular form of each involves written text at one end of the process and speech at the other, i.e. With the growing impact of information technology on daily life, speech is becoming increasingly important for providing a natural means of communication between humans and machines. This extensively reworked and updated new edition of Speech Synthesis and Recognition is an easy-to-read introduction to current speech technology.
Product Information. With the increasing impact of information technology on daily life the problems of communication between human beings and information-processing machines is of growing importance. This book is an easy to read introduction to the subjects of generating and interpreting speech for those who have no experience and wish to specialise in the area, and also for professionals in related fields who need to understand enough about speech technology to apply techniques developed by others and to communicate effectively with specialists.
See also:Speech synthesis is the artificial production of human. A computer system used for this purpose is called a speech computer or speech synthesizer, and can be implemented in or products. A text-to-speech ( TTS) system converts normal language text into speech; other systems render like into speech.Synthesized speech can be created by concatenating pieces of recorded speech that are stored in a. Systems differ in the size of the stored speech units; a system that stores or provides the largest output range, but may lack clarity. For specific usage domains, the storage of entire words or sentences allows for high-quality output.
Alternatively, a synthesizer can incorporate a model of the and other human voice characteristics to create a completely 'synthetic' voice output.The quality of a speech synthesizer is judged by its similarity to the human voice and by its ability to be understood clearly. An intelligible text-to-speech program allows people with or to listen to written words on a home computer. Many computer operating systems have included speech synthesizers since the early 1990s. A synthetic voice announcing an arriving train in.Problems playing this file? See.A text-to-speech system (or 'engine') is composed of two parts: a and a. The front-end has two major tasks.
First, it converts raw text containing symbols like numbers and abbreviations into the equivalent of written-out words. This process is often called text normalization, pre-processing,. The front-end then assigns to each word, and divides and marks the text into, like,. The process of assigning phonetic transcriptions to words is called text-to-phoneme or -to-phoneme conversion. Phonetic transcriptions and prosody information together make up the symbolic linguistic representation that is output by the front-end. The back-end—often referred to as the synthesizer—then converts the symbolic linguistic representation into sound. In certain systems, this part includes the computation of the target prosody (pitch contour, phoneme durations), which is then imposed on the output speech.
Contents.History Long before the invention of, some people tried to build machines to emulate human speech. Some early legends of the existence of ' involved Pope (d. 1003 AD), (1198–1280), and (1214–1294).In 1779 the - scientist won the first prize in a competition announced by the Russian for models he built of the human that could produce the five long sounds (in notation: aː, eː, iː, oː and uː).
There followed the -operated ' of of, described in a 1791 paper. This machine added models of the tongue and lips, enabling it to produce as well as vowels. In 1837, produced a 'speaking machine' based on von Kempelen's design, and in 1846, Joseph Faber exhibited the '. In 1923 Paget resurrected Wheatstone's design.In the 1930s developed the, which automatically analyzed speech into its fundamental tones and resonances. From his work on the vocoder, developed a keyboard-operated voice-synthesizer called (Voice Demonstrator), which he exhibited at the.and his colleagues at built the in the late 1940s and completed it in 1950.
There were several different versions of this hardware device; only one currently survives. The machine converts pictures of the acoustic patterns of speech in the form of a spectrogram back into sound. Using this device, and colleagues discovered acoustic cues for the perception of segments (consonants and vowels).Electronic devices. Computer and speech synthesiser housing used by in 1999The first computer-based speech-synthesis systems originated in the late 1950s.
Noriko Umeda et al. Developed the first general English text-to-speech system in 1968, at the in Japan. In 1961, physicist and his colleague used an computer to synthesize speech, an event among the most prominent in the history of. Kelly's voice recorder synthesizer recreated the song ', with musical accompaniment from. Coincidentally, was visiting his friend and colleague John Pierce at the Bell Labs Murray Hill facility. Clarke was so impressed by the demonstration that he used it in the climactic scene of his screenplay for his novel, where the computer sings the same song as astronaut puts it to sleep. Despite the success of purely electronic speech synthesis, research into mechanical speech-synthesizers continues.
(LPC), a form of, began development with the work of of and Shuzo Saito of (NTT) in 1966. Further developments in LPC technology were made by and at during the 1970s. LPC was later the basis for early speech synthesizer chips, such as the used in the toys from 1978.In 1975, Fumitada Itakura developed the (LSP) method for high-compression speech coding, while at NTT. From 1975 to 1981, Itakura studied problems in speech analysis and synthesis based on the LSP method. In 1980, his team developed an LSP-based speech synthesizer chip. LSP is an important technology for speech synthesis and coding, and in the 1990s was adopted by almost all international speech coding standards as an essential component, contributing to the enhancement of digital speech communication over mobile channels and the internet.In 1975, was released, and was one of the first Speech Synthesis systems. It consisted of a stand-alone computer hardware and a specialized software that enabled it to read Italian.
A second version, released in 1978, was also able to sing Italian in an 'a cappella' style. DECtalk demo recording using the Perfect Paul and Uppity Ursula voicesDominant systems in the 1980s and 1990s were the system, based largely on the work of at MIT, and the Bell Labs system; the latter was one of the first multilingual language-independent systems, making extensive use of methods.electronics featuring speech synthesis began emerging in the 1970s. One of the first was the (TSI) Speech+ portable calculator for the blind in 1976.
Other devices had primarily educational purposes, such as the produced by in 1978. Fidelity released a speaking version of its electronic chess computer in 1979. The first to feature speech synthesis was the 1980, (known in Japan as Speak & Rescue), from.
The first with speech synthesis was ( Shoplifting Girl), released in 1980 for the, for which the game's developer, Hiroshi Suzuki, developed a ' zero cross' programming technique to produce a synthesized speech waveform. Another early example, the arcade version of, also dates from 1980.
The produced the first multi-player using voice synthesis, in the same year.Early electronic speech-synthesizers sounded robotic and were often barely intelligible. The quality of synthesized speech has steadily improved, but as of 2016 output from contemporary speech synthesis systems remains clearly distinguishable from actual human speech.Kurzweil predicted in 2005 that as the caused speech synthesizers to become cheaper and more accessible, more people would benefit from the use of text-to-speech programs. Synthesizer technologies The most important qualities of a speech synthesis system are naturalness. Naturalness describes how closely the output sounds like human speech, while intelligibility is the ease with which the output is understood. The ideal speech synthesizer is both natural and intelligible.
Speech synthesis systems usually try to maximize both characteristics.The two primary technologies generating synthetic speech waveforms are concatenative synthesis and synthesis. Each technology has strengths and weaknesses, and the intended uses of a synthesis system will typically determine which approach is used.Concatenation synthesis. See also:A study in the journal Speech Communication by Amy Drahota and colleagues at the, reported that listeners to voice recordings could determine, at better than chance levels, whether or not the speaker was smiling. It was suggested that identification of the vocal features that signal emotional content may be used to help make synthesized speech sound more natural.
One of the related issues is modification of the of the sentence, depending upon whether it is an affirmative, interrogative or exclamatory sentence. One of the techniques for pitch modification uses in the source domain ( residual). Such pitch synchronous pitch modification techniques need a priori pitch marking of the synthesis speech database using techniques such as epoch extraction using dynamic index applied on the integrated linear prediction residual of the regions of speech. Dedicated hardware. DT1050 Digitalker (Mozer – ).Hardware and software systems Popular systems offering speech synthesis as a built-in capability.Mattel The game console offered the Voice Synthesis module in 1982. It included the speech synthesizer chip on a removable cartridge. The Narrator had 2kB of Read-Only Memory (ROM), and this was utilized to store a database of generic words that could be combined to make phrases in Intellivision games.
Since the Orator chip could also accept speech data from external memory, any additional words or phrases needed could be stored inside the cartridge itself. The data consisted of strings of analog-filter coefficients to modify the behavior of the chip's synthetic vocal-tract model, rather than simple digitized samples.SAM. A demo of SAM on the C64Also released in 1982, was the first commercial all-software voice synthesis program. It was later used as the basis for. The program was available for non-Macintosh Apple computers (including the Apple II, and the Lisa), various Atari models and the Commodore 64.
The Apple version preferred additional hardware that contained DACs, although it could instead use the computer's one-bit audio output (with the addition of much distortion) if the card was not present. The Atari made use of the embedded POKEY audio chip. Speech playback on the Atari normally disabled interrupt requests and shut down the ANTIC chip during vocal output. The audible output is extremely distorted speech when the screen is on.
The Commodore 64 made use of the 64's embedded SID audio chip.Atari Arguably, the first speech system integrated into an was the 1400XL/1450XL personal computers designed by using the Votrax SC01 chip in 1983. The 1400XL/1450XL computers used a Finite State Machine to enable World English Spelling text-to-speech synthesis. Unfortunately, the 1400XL/1450XL personal computers never shipped in quantity.The computers were sold with 'stspeech.tos' on floppy disk.Apple The first speech system integrated into an that shipped in quantity was 's. The software was licensed from 3rd party developers Joseph Katz and Mark Barton (later, SoftVoice, Inc.) and was featured during the 1984 introduction of the Macintosh computer. This January demo required 512 kilobytes of RAM memory. As a result, it could not run in the 128 kilobytes of RAM the first Mac actually shipped with.
So, the demo was accomplished with a prototype 512k Mac, although those in attendance were not told of this and the synthesis demo created considerable excitement for the Macintosh. In the early 1990s Apple expanded its capabilities offering system wide text-to-speech support. With the introduction of faster PowerPC-based computers they included higher quality voice sampling. Apple also introduced into its systems which provided a fluid command set. More recently, Apple has added sample-based voices. Starting as a curiosity, the speech system of Apple has evolved into a fully supported program, for people with vision problems.
Was for the first time featured in 2005 in (10.4). During 10.4 (Tiger) and first releases of 10.5 there was only one standard voice shipping with Mac OS X. Starting with 10.6 , the user can choose out of a wide range list of multiple voices. VoiceOver voices feature the taking of realistic-sounding breaths between sentences, as well as improved clarity at high read rates over PlainTalk. Mac OS X also includes, a application that converts text to audible speech.
The Standard Additions includes a verb that allows a script to use any of the installed voices and to control the pitch, speaking rate and modulation of the spoken text.The Apple operating system used on the iPhone, iPad and iPod Touch uses speech synthesis for accessibility. Some third party applications also provide speech synthesis to facilitate navigating, reading web pages or translating text.AmigaOS. The second operating system to feature advanced speech synthesis capabilities was, introduced in 1985. The voice synthesis was licensed by from SoftVoice, Inc., who also developed the original MacinTalk text-to-speech system. It featured a complete system of voice emulation for American English, with both male and female voices and 'stress' indicator markers, made possible through the 's audio.
The synthesis system was divided into a translator library which converted unrestricted English text into a standard set of phonetic codes and a narrator device which implemented a formant model of speech generation. AmigaOS also featured a high-level ', which allowed command-line users to redirect text output to speech.
Speech synthesis was occasionally used in third-party programs, particularly word processors and educational software. The synthesis software remained largely unchanged from the first AmigaOS release and Commodore eventually removed speech synthesis support from AmigaOS 2.1 onward.Despite the American English phoneme limitation, an unofficial version with multilingual speech synthesis was developed. This made use of an enhanced version of the translator library which could translate a number of languages, given a set of rules for each language. Microsoft Windows. See also:Modern desktop systems can use and components to support speech synthesis.
SAPI 4.0 was available as an optional add-on for. Added, a text-to-speech utility for people who have visual impairment.
Third-party programs such as JAWS for Windows, Window-Eyes, Non-visual Desktop Access, Supernova and System Access can perform various text-to-speech tasks such as reading text aloud from a specified website, email account, text document, the Windows clipboard, the user's keyboard typing, etc. Not all programs can use speech synthesis directly. Some programs can use plug-ins, extensions or add-ons to read text aloud.
Third-party programs are available that can read text from the system clipboard.is a server-based package for voice synthesis and recognition. It is designed for network use with and.Texas Instruments TI-99/4A.
TI-99/4A speech demo using the built-in vocabularyIn the early 1980s, TI was known as a pioneer in speech synthesis, and a highly popular plug-in speech synthesizer module was available for the TI-99/4 and 4A. Speech synthesizers were offered free with the purchase of a number of cartridges and were used by many TI-written video games (notable titles offered with speech during this promotion were Alpiner and Parsec). The synthesizer uses a variant of linear predictive coding and has a small in-built vocabulary. The original intent was to release small cartridges that plugged directly into the synthesizer unit, which would increase the device's built in vocabulary. However, the success of software text-to-speech in the Terminal Emulator II cartridge cancelled that plan.Text-to-speech systems Text-to-Speech ( TTS) refers to the ability of computers to read text aloud. A TTS Engine converts written text to a phonemic representation, then converts the phonemic representation to waveforms that can be output as sound. TTS engines with different languages, dialects and specialized vocabularies are available through third-party publishers.
Android Version 1.6 of added support for speech synthesis (TTS). Internet Currently, there are a number of, and that can read messages directly from an and web pages from a.
Some specialized can narrate. On one hand, online RSS-narrators simplify information delivery by allowing users to listen to their favourite news sources and to convert them to. On the other hand, on-line RSS-readers are available on almost any connected to the Internet. Users can download generated audio files to portable devices, e.g. With a help of receiver, and listen to them while walking, jogging or commuting to work.A growing field in Internet based TTS is web-based, e.g.
'Browsealoud' from a UK company. It can deliver TTS functionality to anyone (for reasons of accessibility, convenience, entertainment or information) with access to a web browser. The project was created in 2006 to provide a similar web-based TTS interface to the.Other work is being done in the context of the through the with the involvement of The BBC and Google Inc.Open source Some systems are available, such as:. which uses diphone-based synthesis, as well as more modern and better-sounding techniques. which supports a broad range of languages. which uses articulatory synthesis from the.Others. Following the commercial failure of the hardware-based Intellivoice, gaming developers sparingly used software synthesis in later games.
A famous example is the introductory narration of Nintendo's game for the. Earlier systems from Atari, such as the (Baseball) and the ( and Open Sesame), also had games utilizing software synthesis. Some, such as the, E6, Pro, and the Bebook Neo.
The incorporated the Texas Instruments TMS5220 speech synthesis chip,. Some models of Texas Instruments home computers produced in 1979 and 1981 were capable of text-to-phoneme synthesis or reciting complete words and phrases (text-to-dictionary), using a very popular Speech Synthesizer peripheral. TI used a proprietary to embed complete spoken phrases into applications, primarily video games. 's included VoiceType, a precursor to. Navigation units produced by, and others use speech synthesis for automobile navigation.
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There's no suspense here-the movie opens with the protagonist being led to the gallows.The movie then circles back to explain to us how events brought Mary Ann Cotton to her execution. Itv live. Joanne Froggatt plays Mary Ann Cotton, England's first known female serial killer. Joanne Froggart must have been delighted to play this macabre role. Note: The events of the movie take place before the 'Graduation on Deck' episode.Watch live and On Demand shows, and manage your DVR, whether you're home or on the go.It was directed by Brian Percival.
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Speech Synthesis
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at. or a description from the on.